Arctic Medical Research 1993; vol 52(suppl 9)


Occupational Needs and Evaluation Methods for Cold Protective Clothing
Edited by Hannu Anttonen

ABSTRACT

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND LETTERS

ORIGINAL PAPERS

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Cold responses
1.2 The evaluation of the cold protection of clothing

2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
2.1 General
2.2 Heat and mass flow through clothing and the heat balance of man
2.3 Physical measurements of thermal and water vapour resistance of materials in multi-layer clothing
2.4 Measurements of clothing with test subjects and thermal manikin
2.4.1 General
2.4.2 Measurement of temperature and heat flow
2.4.3 Required clothing insulation and the utility range of clothing
2.5 Protection of extremities and bare skin
2.6 Measurements in dynamic conditions
2.7 The calculation and modelling of the measurement results

3. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

4. MATERIAL AND METHODS
4.1 Description of evaluation methods
4.2 Material measurements
4.2.1 The sweating hot plate
4.2.2 The sweating cylinder
4.2.3 The other methods
4.3 Electrically heated manikin
4.4 Measurements with test subjects in the climatic chamber and in work places
4.5 Thermal sensations, questionnaires and field trials
4.6 Calculation methods
4.7 Materials and clothing used
4.7.1 Test materials
4.7.2 Test subjects
4.8 Statistics

5. RESULTS
5. 1 Evaluation of the cold protection of textile materials with the skin model
5. 1. 1 Testing of the sweating hot plate
5.1.2 Evaluation of the method for the thermal resistance of material ensembles by the sweating hot plate
5.2 Evaluation of the effect of wind on clothing with the sweating cylinder and calculation model
5.3 Evaluation of the cold protection of clothing and body cooling by heat flux transducers
5.3.1 Comparison of HF - method with test subjects and manikin measurements
5.3.2 The comparison of HF- and conventional methods
5.3.3 Heat debt, mean skin temperature and IREQ
5.3.4 The effect of wind, sweating, posture and carried equipment
5.4 Local cooling and frostbite risk
5.5 Cold exposure and cold sensations in work places
5.6 Utility range of clothing
5.7 Results of dynamic measurements
5.7.1 Material measurements
5.7.2 Results with test subjects
5.8 Comparison of the used measurement methods

6. DISCUSSION
6.1 General comments
6.2 Development of material measurements in the cold
6.3 Development of material measurements in wind
6.4 Simulation of clothing by calculation
6.5 Evaluation of body cooling and the utility range of clothing
6.6 Frostbite risk evaluation
6.7 Cold exposure in work places
6.8 Need for dynamic measurements
6.9 Comparison of the used measurement methods of clothing

7. CONCLUSIONS


Arctic Medical Research 1993; vol 52(suppl 9).